Scientific Association of Waste Management Human Ecology 3041-9255 4 11 2025 07 23 Evaluating the sense of belonging to the place of Iranian immigrants with an emphasis on physical and environmental factors in the public spaces of the city (with a focus on Iranians living in Toronto, Canada) Evaluating the sense of belonging to the place of Iranian immigrants with an emphasis on physical and environmental factors in the public spaces of the city (with a focus on Iranians living in Toronto, Canada) 942 956 219340 10.22034/el.2025.515383.1079 FA Fakhrosadat Tabatabaei PhD Student, Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. Mohammad Parva Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. Hamed Moztazadeh Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. Vahideh Hojati Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran. Journal Article 2025 04 06 Today, solving the psychological and two-sided crisis of immigrants' lack of sense of belonging to the destination society in the immigration process is essential as a social phenomenon. The present study investigated the physical dimensions of the sense of belonging to urban spaces and its effective indicators in Iranian-populated areas of Toronto, Canada. The type of research is analytical-descriptive and the method is survey. The study population was 100 Iranian immigrants living in the Richmond Hill, Vaughan, Markham, and Thornhill areas of Toronto, Canada, who were selected using the snowball method. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software. The results showed that among the physical factors affecting the sense of belonging, the safety and security component was the most important component in creating a sense of belonging with 32 percent of effectiveness, followed by the environmental component and the accessibility component, and the human scale component had the lowest percentage of effectiveness in creating a sense of belonging to urban spaces for immigrants. Today, solving the psychological and two-sided crisis of immigrants' lack of sense of belonging to the destination society in the immigration process is essential as a social phenomenon. The present study investigated the physical dimensions of the sense of belonging to urban spaces and its effective indicators in Iranian-populated areas of Toronto, Canada. The type of research is analytical-descriptive and the method is survey. The study population was 100 Iranian immigrants living in the Richmond Hill, Vaughan, Markham, and Thornhill areas of Toronto, Canada, who were selected using the snowball method. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software. The results showed that among the physical factors affecting the sense of belonging, the safety and security component was the most important component in creating a sense of belonging with 32 percent of effectiveness, followed by the environmental component and the accessibility component, and the human scale component had the lowest percentage of effectiveness in creating a sense of belonging to urban spaces for immigrants. https://www.landscapeecologyjournals.ir/article_219340_02eb54ba0ec5776d560d450b1932709e.pdf