Scientific Association of Waste Management Human Ecology 3041-9255 4 13 2026 01 21 Analysis and Ranking of Green Architecture Features in Mosque Design: A Comparative Study of Historical and Contemporary Eras Analysis and Ranking of Green Architecture Features in Mosque Design: A Comparative Study of Historical and Contemporary Eras 1629 1647 233690 10.22034/he.2025.549427.1145 FA Ali Sadeghi Habibabad Assistant Professor, Architectural Engineering Department, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran 0000-0001-9451-4907 Faezeh Asadpour Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-1552-3395 Journal Article 2025 09 26 This study focuses on identifying and analyzing the principles of green architecture in mosque design and evaluating the extent to which these principles are applied in modern mosques compared to historical examples. The main motivation for this research lies in the limited studies conducted on the incorporation of green architecture principles in mosque design, particularly in Iran. Mosques, as spaces with spiritual and social functions, hold significant potential for fostering sustainability and contributing to environmental quality improvement. To achieve this objective, the study addresses three key questions: First, what green architecture features should be considered in mosque design? Second, which of these features have the greatest impact on enhancing mosque architecture? Third, how do modern mosques compare to historical examples in adhering to these features? In response to these questions, the research adopts a mixed methodology combining literature review and survey methods. Initially, using the Delphi method and participation from nine experts in the field, 27 key features were selected from an initial pool of 40 proposed attributes. Subsequently, a questionnaire was developed based on these features and distributed to 300 architectural engineers. A total of 126 valid responses were collected and analyzed. The findings reveal that, despite theoretical advancements in understanding green architecture, many critical principles of green architecture are underutilized in modern mosque designs. Among the most impactful features for improving green architecture are energy optimization, effective utilization of natural light and ventilation, consideration of climate and building orientation, use of local materials, and promoting adaptability for long-term functional changes. Moreover, exploratory factor analysis identified four primary factors related to green architecture in mosque design: Design and Energy, Environmental Quality, Management and Sustainability, and Context and Culture. The study advocates for a creative reinterpretation of historical architectural heritage alongside contemporary knowledge and technologies as an effective approach to achieving green mosque designs that meet modern and future needs. This study focuses on identifying and analyzing the principles of green architecture in mosque design and evaluating the extent to which these principles are applied in modern mosques compared to historical examples. The main motivation for this research lies in the limited studies conducted on the incorporation of green architecture principles in mosque design, particularly in Iran. Mosques, as spaces with spiritual and social functions, hold significant potential for fostering sustainability and contributing to environmental quality improvement. To achieve this objective, the study addresses three key questions: First, what green architecture features should be considered in mosque design? Second, which of these features have the greatest impact on enhancing mosque architecture? Third, how do modern mosques compare to historical examples in adhering to these features? In response to these questions, the research adopts a mixed methodology combining literature review and survey methods. Initially, using the Delphi method and participation from nine experts in the field, 27 key features were selected from an initial pool of 40 proposed attributes. Subsequently, a questionnaire was developed based on these features and distributed to 300 architectural engineers. A total of 126 valid responses were collected and analyzed. The findings reveal that, despite theoretical advancements in understanding green architecture, many critical principles of green architecture are underutilized in modern mosque designs. Among the most impactful features for improving green architecture are energy optimization, effective utilization of natural light and ventilation, consideration of climate and building orientation, use of local materials, and promoting adaptability for long-term functional changes. Moreover, exploratory factor analysis identified four primary factors related to green architecture in mosque design: Design and Energy, Environmental Quality, Management and Sustainability, and Context and Culture. The study advocates for a creative reinterpretation of historical architectural heritage alongside contemporary knowledge and technologies as an effective approach to achieving green mosque designs that meet modern and future needs. https://www.landscapeecologyjournals.ir/article_233690_4cff04cc9398ed4896dddf56271046e2.pdf